Innovation and Business Operations Development

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Business Operations Development. Answer: Introduction Business operations take place in a competitive and ever-changing environment that requires commitment and persistence to meet the set goals. Every business strives to place itself strategically in the market to improve its customer base and maximize profit. The success of a business enterprise depends on its ability to perform well despite changes in the economic and market conditions. Consequently, there must be a plan of operations that a company engages in and a structure that gives guidelines on sources of capital, product, and service delivery as well as the needs of the customer. It is necessary for business owners to understand how to design their operations for the enterprise to achieve sustainable growth and remain relevant in the competitive market. This paper entails a discussion of the business models that businesses can employ to make a working system for competitive advantage in the present and the in future. A business model is a representation of the operations of a business aimed at creating value for customers and ensuring that more customers are attracted to the company. Through the methods designed to increase revenue from sales and other subscriptions, a business model offers opportunities for customers to purchase from the enterprise. The success of a company depends on the ability of the business model to provide a flexible structure that is favorable to the company and all other partners. Investors, customers, and suppliers to the company must hold positive perception and confidence in the operations of the company ( Teece, 2017). Business models are termed as business systems when a business firm plans on how to efficiently deliver products and services to prospective customers through a deliberate and sustained production and delivery system. By having a system whose operations affect the delivery of services, then it is a business system and endeavors to control activities of the companys partners organizes the internal working system and separates duties between the firm and its partners. Business systems differentiate the company from competitors and place it in a better position to learn from the environment (Ebel, Brestchneider Leimeister, 2016). Challenges posed by the ever-changing economic and market conditions make it necessary for businesses to adopt business systems that have the ability to provide solutions to the problems. First, a business model designed as a system sets the standards for the activities, resources, and capabilities within and outside the company to help in performing tasks (Zott Amit, 2010). Decisions on the roles to be played by partners and the company provides a framework for co-ordination. Also, business systems give companies the potential to perform by outlining the types of expenses to incur, prices, prospective customers, and the competitors of the enterprise. Moreover, through the adoption of a flexible system, a business can remain relevant despite challenging economic conditions. Business systems place the company in a position to compete in future by making the company flexible enough to study changes in the market and implement policies that improve its operations. Business systems also provide a platform for learning to the organization by outlining the workflow in the company on what activities should be done to meet customer expectations. Information flow from both inside and outside the organization assists it to learn about existing market demands and technological improvements for competitive advantage. Business systems organize the internal working system of a company by defining different operational functions to be performed by various departments which reduce duplication of duties and emphasizes the commitment of the company towards creating value with customers (Wu Zhao, 2014). Businesses can work with other business organizations to support the operations and decisions they make to foster performance of the business entities. Companies network by communicating, coordinating and collaborating to create small-world structures that respond to changes in the working environment (Adamik, 2013). Through business systems, information and knowledge are shared to develop new products and services as well as new dynamic processes that help the companies to meet customer needs. Using similar systems enhances the partnership of firms to comply with specific regulations that govern their operations. Innovation is the process of discovering ideas and developing them into use for the purpose of increasing efficiency to make a profit (Silva, Styles Lages, 2017). Innovative ideas are triggered by customer demands and organizational goals that the organization has to meet. Systems of operation are a platform that offers challenges to organizations and puts them under pressure to meet goals. Learning from the activities in the system provides a chance for people to come up with new policies and procedures that create a new order of operations and help to open up for new ideas. The innovation process starts with the generation of ideas that stimulated by the companys vision, challenging demands from customers and set goals that need to be achieved. The ideas are meant to open up the boundaries of the organization by going an extra mile to achieve the set goals and meeting demands. The involvement of various workers in the business system allows for brainstorming and generation of a variety of ideas for adoption and implementation. Using a business model as a system provides a description of the future process by laying a strategy to change the existing processes and creating new products and services. Improvement of goods and services is made by examining the estimates of costs, benefits, risks and the necessary support needed to adopt a new way of doing things in case of external pressure ( Silve, Styles Lages, 2017). Itami and Nishino described business models as a combination of a business system and a profit model and emphasized that a business system is what produces and delivers the products and services of a company and determines the operations and behaviors of its partners (2010). Illustrations of the components of a business model by Itami and Nishino provide a clear understanding of how a company operates. Diagram: Business Model by Itami Nishino. Itami and Nishino (2010) highlighted an example of Google to illustrate how a business model is a combination of the profit model and business system. Google designed its profit model in such a way that advertisers on its search engines pay for selling products on Google but not the users of Google services. Advertisers need assurance that their advertising messages will reach more people, a reason why Google increases its search services to ensure advertisers make contact with their prospective customers who use different Google search services. A combination of in-house software and search engines on Google makes up the Google business system. Users get attracted to Google because it is quick and handles large volumes of information at a time. A business system provides information on the use of Google services and monitors changes in the use of its services to plan on how to provide services which users will value in future ( Itami Nishino, 2010). Business models should consist of both the profit model and the business system so that a design of how to make a profit is made based on the operations that are put in place by the business system (Zott Amit, 2010). With a flexible and working business system, a company achieves both values to customers and profit. It is necessary for companies to structure their business model as a system model so that the system favors its operations and reinforces its competitive advantage. References Adamik, A. (2013). The role of managers in business partnering creating. Organization And Management, 2013(3 (156). https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oam-2013-0026 Ebel, P., Bretshneider, U., Leimeister, J., (2016). Leveraging virtual business model, innovation: A framework for designing business model development tools. Information systems journal, 26(5), 519-550. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/isj.12103 Itami, H., Nishino, K. (2010). Killing Two Birds with one stone. Long Range Planning, 43(2- 3), 364-369. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.007 Silva, G., Styles, C., Lages, L., (2017). A breakthrough innovation in international business: The impact of tech innovation and market-innovation on performance. International Business Review, 26(2), 391-404. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.10.110 Teece, D. (2017). A Model for Success: A business model is more than just a business plan. Avoid future headaches by reviewing the key elements of good business model design. IESE Insight, (32), 6-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.15581/002.opi-4023 Wu, Q., Zhao, H., (2014). Design and Implementation of Business Evaluation System in Business Intelligence Network Management System. Applied Mechanics And Materials, 687-691, 2047-2050. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2047 Zott, C., Amit, R., (2010). Designing Your Future Business Model: An Activity System Perspective. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://DX.DOI.ORG/10.2139/SSM.1356511

New Ideas Into Good Argumentative Essay Samples Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Good Argumentative Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Ruthless Good Argumentative Essay Samples Strategies Exploited Besides general knowledge you have concerning the subject, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other elements essential for the high-quality essay. Be certain that you read online essay writing service reviews in order to know what sort of material you are spending for. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Irrespective of the quantity or kind of research involved, argumentative essays must set a very clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. Type of Good Argumentative Essay Samples If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a couple of vital factors which you can learn that may help you compose a superior argumentative essay. In order to supply an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is advisa ble to examine some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. To compose a great argumentative essay, there are four main pieces of the essay you're likely to have to know about. You can also see concept essays. Good Argumentative Essay Samples - Overview You may also request samples from buddies who have graduated from or are at present studying at your fantasy law school. An outline is a significant tool to remember what you're planning to write about and to prevent a fear of getting started. With the aid of such samples and templates, students may get a general idea about the job, understand its structure and get fresh ideas on the subject. Likewise don't forget that every student differs and creative approaches may also be highly beneficial. Whatever They Told You About Good Argumentative Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Even today exists a group of men and women who believe that essay writing is the simplest portion of any educational program and that which you should do there, is to just go on writing whatever and wherever you truly feel like writing whatever comes in your mind. Everyone desires some strong ideas that can be linked with your idea, that's why you will need to hook examples together with theoretical ones. The first thing you're likely to have to do is to choose a topic that has more than one clear side. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. Remember an argumentative essay is based more on facts instead of emotion. You may examine the extra info on how best to compose an eye-catching essay introduction with a hook. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you may counter to your own points. Good Argumentative Essay Samples - the Conspiracy An argumentative essay is a sort of thesis or composition in which you have to present your view and try to convince others your facts and arguments are correct. The range of paragraphs equals the number of arguments. A comprehensive argument As mentioned before, an argument doesn't have to be formal. Winning an argument isn't easy. Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay which you're writing, it is crucial to develop a clear thesis statement and an obvious sound reasoning. The very first sentence of the essay has to be interesting enough to produce the reader read on. Each paragraph ought to be restricted to the discussion of one general idea. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning in addition to the full thought of your essay might be incomprehensible. Good Argumentative Essay Samples Anyway, the success of an argumentative essay also is dependent upon the evidence you select. Any superior task finishes with a wonderful conclusion and the very b est examples of the argumentative essay will arrive in with a conclusion with an overview of all of the points together with a gist of the evidences provided. The thing you ought to do so as to structure an argumentative essay is to set a claim that's debatable. Besides, don't forget that the secret to a prosperous argumentative essay is in finding good evidence to strengthen your opinion. The Ultimate Approach for Good Argumentative Essay Samples Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. If you opt to be a self-employed essay writer, you can expect the exact same. To structure an essay, you must simply follow the aforementioned format. Then you ought to endeavour to select an appropriate argumentative essay format. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good concept to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. You're going to need to select a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or unique conclusions. In circumstances when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. Essay writing per se is no simple endeavor to do. What can you do in order to boost your writing process. Working to an argumentative essay when you're learning first steps, isn't an easy endeavor to do. By now you're probably keen to find a great argumentative essay outline template. Whispered Good Argumentative Essay Samples Secrets When you're working with professional writing company, it is crucial that you locate a company which best serves your interests. Any company which you are evaluating should supply you with adequate samples of their writing history. Then the very best choice is to find grant author who has written a grant that was approved. There are plenty of good authors readily available, but not everybody is fit for doing the ideal project for you. The Do's and Don'ts of Good Argumentative Essay Samples In summary, developing a bibliography requires a little more work but it's an important step that can't be ignored. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some important components which make it better in the practice of convincing. The simplest approach to influence the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do.

Essay Writing in CSS - Topics For Essay Writing in CSS

Essay Writing in CSS - Topics For Essay Writing in CSSYour essays will be more effective if you plan your topics in a way that allows you to focus on one topic at a time. This will make it easier to write and give your reader something to focus on so they won't be reading through the essays word for word. These topics are common to students who are studying and writing essays all throughout their college years.First, the main topic. You need to select a main topic to begin with when you start your topic list. You should also consider how long the main topic will be, and what exactly it is you plan to write about. For example, if you are planning on writing an essay about your family, you may choose to write on family life, or life in general.Your main topic is going to dictate the focus of your essay. It will also allow you to have a topic on which you can explore your written communication. So, if you are writing about your family's religious beliefs, you will want to take this into consideration when selecting your main topic.Your essay should then include a list of sub-topics that will further explain your main topic. You can include more sub-topics depending on the main topic you are going to write about. It would be best to focus on several sub-topics if you don't have much information to offer your readers.After you have already decided what the main topic of your topic is, you will then be able to focus on how to organize your topic. Your sub-topics are very important, but you must make sure that you cover them in the order of your main topic. Otherwise, your readers will become confused and feel that they have lost interest in the overall project.One of the best ways to organize your topic is to divide it up into sub-topics. Your topic may consist of many sub-topics, but your purpose is to not overwhelm your readers with too much information. You can start with the most important topic first and work your way through the sub-topics until you've reached the main topic.Finally, you will need to finish up your main topic with a final section of your topic. The final section of your topic will be your conclusion. If you are planning on giving some sort of conclusion to your main topic, you should add in this section for readers who might be looking for additional information or proof.Using this is a very effective way to ensure that your articles are easy to read and understand. Make sure to go over these ideas when you are writing your first essay and incorporate them into your writing style.

The Basic Facts of Csi Research Paper Topics

The Basic Facts of Csi Research Paper Topics Our computers and internet topic suggestions can be utilised to create unique suggestions for your own research papers. Choose the topic you'd like to research about in your work. In the procedure for writing research articles, it's essential to adhere to a specific topic. When you choose a research topic, make certain it is one which you understand and have a firm grasp on. Needless to say, deciding on the suitable topic for your research paper is the very first and most important step on the best way to writing the paper itself. As long since it is associated with your distinct region of study, it ought to be guaranteed to be the proper topic for you. An excellent paper topic needs to be interesting and ought to incorporate an original idea or position try to prevent cliche topics which will likely bore your reader. Even if a specific research paper topic is getting a great deal of buzz at the moment or other men and women see m interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. Buying a research paper sample for college submission is among the options. It is an impossible task to compose an abstract research paper since this kind of article always touches on a particular topic and offers an actual search for optimal methods of solving a specific matter. If you still feel you need help, even if you've managed to pick a topic, you may always seek the services of a custom writing service to assist you produce a fabulous research paper of which you'll be proud and will guarantee you a nice mark. On the opposing side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. Get the Scoop on Csi Research Paper Topics Before You're Too Late Research papers are trying, but in addition they have the capability to be somewhat rewarding. Students are accustomed to the fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. With the many activities that they have on their daily schedules, it can be hard to find the time to all the requisite research and writing. Many students don't understand the simple research paper format. The many years they've spent writing college papers for students give them with the capacity to supply fantastic papers. Many brilliant people today can carry out high in different places, but when it has to do with research paper writing, it can be challenging. You must write a minumum of one research paper in a semester for many the subjects. Writing a research paper even though may appear challenging is a considerable portion of routine student life. In the last year of college, research paper topics need to be more specific and the research needs to be in-depth. Without a suitable content, excellent research paper topics aren't going to make sense. At times, they are simply the easiest ones. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be sure you opt for an excellent topic before you commence writing. To compose a great research paper you want to be confident in your argument. The fundamental research paper format is provided below. A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you're going to be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that genuinely covers the whole subject. Writing an excellent persuasive research paper is a difficult endeavor. But What About Csi Research Paper Topics? When you are concerned about writing research paper, it can cause you to be stressed and not to have the ability to perform in the simplest way throughout different regions of your life. After you have written the whole content, it's the right time to round up the research paper. To be able to compose a compelling research paper, you should go all out from the beginning. Talk about your research paper with head of the department at a better mastery of the subject. It's possible for you to make yours different if you get a paper accomplished by a specialist online. The results of a purchases paper on the internet can demonstrate the importance of relying on experts for such help. Researching any issue about government or laws can get overwhelming because of the intricacy of the issues and even due to the wording of some laws. Therefore, it's far better to avail professional aid for structuring a research paper.

Sample Essay on Personal Growth

Sample Essay on Personal GrowthWhen you are looking for a sample essay on personal growth, you are looking for a well written, well organized essay that has been properly organized and properly presented. If you are truly looking for a sample essay, you are going to have to check out several different writers. You will want to be sure that the writer has enough experience in writing to offer a great essay, but you also want to make sure that they write correctly and include all of the right information. There are ways to find these samples without going through the difficulty of actually spending time researching and finding a real sample.The first thing that you are going to have to do is find an essay of yours that you have not yet read. Take your time and really look at it to make sure that it is very good. You will be amazed at how many essays are not that great. It can be very easy to miss something when you are simply scanning through. You will want to have an essay that you ha ve not read as a means of helping you determine how good the writer is.You are going to want to check out the sample essay that you are going to find. You are going to want to look at the types of topics that the writer focuses on, the clarity and detail of the content, and you are going to want to look at the writing style. Once you have found a few samples to choose from, make sure that you give the writer a test to see how they hold up to what you expected from a sample.When you have found a quality sample, make sure that you have checked into getting a printed copy of the essay and try to get a digital version as well. It may not seem like a big deal, but these copies are essential if you are doing this research because you are going to need them to write your own essay.You may also want to make sure that you can actually create your own essay. This way, you can have the better understanding of what you are looking for, and you can then make a good decision when you are choosing the writer.The next thing that you are going to want to do is check out some sample essays from companies that specialize in using examples for writers. Many of these companies have been using examples for writers for many years and have published many great essays over the years.You are going to want to make sure that the writers you choose are experienced writers. You will also want to make sure that you can read the essay that you choose because you may find some that are not going to meet your expectations. The choice of a writer can make a world of difference if you are looking for a sample.

Sculpins Essays - Cottus, Scorpaeniformes, Sculpin, Cottidae

Sculpins Reproduction and early life history of the Sculpin Have you ever personally thought that fish were an interesting subject? Most people dont. The majority of individuals consider fish ordinary, routine and insignificant. However with a closer look, you may discover that fish can be extraordinary and extremely significant in more ways than one. With proper education and better understanding, people will not only realize the importance of the fish, but also the relevance of issues such as the spawning, life history and life span of fish such as Jordania zonope (sculpins). Prior to the spawning season (December-January), the males move into the spawning zone in fresh water or brackish water and are later joined by the females (Krejsa 1967; McAllister and Lindsey 1960), [On-line]. Krejsa (1967) has reported that spawning migration is limited to the coastal population and does not occur in the inland population. Judging from the location of sculpin larvae taken in this study, both migratory and nonmigratory populations exist. Spawning takes place February through June (Krejsa 1967), [On-line]; mainly in March and April (Moyle 1976), [On-line]; February through May (Millikan 1968), [On-line]; January through September; January through May in Central Valley floor waters; and May through September in the foothill creeks. The average temperature for spawning is 8-13 C (Krejsa 1967). The saltinity is 12 ppt (Millikan 1968); freshwater to intertidal (Moyle 1976); freshwater to oligohaline. Some substrates are large cobbles or flat rocks (Krejsa 1967); under surface of rocks, in beer cans, rusting automobile bodies (Millikan1968), [On-line]; trash (Moyle 1976), [On-line]; under-surfaces or crevices of rocky bottoms and banks, jetties; concrete blocks and other artificial substrates. For both fresh and salt water sculpins mating activity occurs mostly at night or during darkened conditions. Freshwater male sculpins cleans and prepares a nest cavity for the female to lay her eggs; when the female lays her eggs she deposits them in clusters on the underside of the nest that the male has prepared for her. The saltwater female sculpin chases a male until she traps him in a crevice. She keeps him there until she lays her eggs. A mature male then fertilizes the eggs. A mature scalyhead sculpin has a well-developed, penis-like appendage that it uses to fertilize the female internally. Sculpin eggs are often brightly colored-green, blue, yellow, orange, pink, red perhaps to warn off predators. This is a form of protective coloration among many species, which use bright colors to warn predators of danger. The number of eggs that are found in the ovary are 336-5,652 and 700-4,000 per cluster (Krejsa 1967); 584-10,980 eggs in ovary (Bond 1963), [On-line]; 280-7,410 eggs in ovary (Patten 1971), [On-line]; 1,094-5,656 (Millikan 1968), [On-line]. Several females may lay their eggs in one males nest. The female may also lay eggs in more that one males nest. After the eggs are laid the male goes into the nest and fertilizes the eggs immediately . The male fish guards the nest three to four weeks or until the fry leave. He aerates the eggs by fanning them with his large pectoral fins until hatching occurs (Krejsa 1967), [On-line]. The reason the male fans the eggs is to keeps the eggs clean from bacteria and to keep oxygen flowing to eggs. The male also removes debris and dead eggs with his mouth from his nest. The father is so attentive, he may net even feed until the eggs hatch. Eggs adhere strongly to one another, but less to other substrates. Incubation is relatively long: 15-16 days at 12 C (Krejsa 1967), 19-20 days at 10-12 C (Mason and Machidori 1976), [On-line] and 14-15 days at nine to 13 C under laboratory conditions. Millikan (1968) noted that hatching rate of prickly sculpin eggs is higher at a salinity of 12 ppt than in fresh water. A Newly fertilized egg is one point four millimeters in diameter. When the egg is in the stage of morula, it is one point four millimeters in diameter. The egg is one point five millimeters in diameter when it is at the early stage of being an embryo. During the late stages of being an embryo the egg is one point five millimeters in diameter. Most of the sculpins eggs

Thermal Pollution Essay Example

Thermal Pollution Essay Example Thermal Pollution Paper Thermal Pollution Paper Individual Episcopal Institute of Management (MM) hereby declare that this report as a part of the course ?Contemporary Issues in Management (MBA 805. 1 ) is the result of my own work. I also acknowledge the other works / publications cited in the report. (Signature) Place: Change Date: 17. 06. 2013 (Name of the student) 2 BRIEF OF TOPIC Thermal Pollution may be defined as the excessive raising or lowering of water temperature above or below normal seasonal ranges in streams, lakes, or estuaries or oceans as the result of discharge of hot or cold effluents into such water. Thermal Pollution is harmful because its increase water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters. Thermal pollution is caused by either dumping hot water from factories and power plants or removing trees and vegetation that shade streams, permitting sunlight to raise the temperature of these waters. Like other forms of water pollution, thermal pollution is widespread, affecting many lakes and vast numbers of streams and rivers in the United States and other parts of the world. A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit degrees) can kill native fish and plants or drive them out in favor of other species, often with undesirable effects. CLC Control of Thermal Pollution CLC Effects of Thermal Pollution CLC Sources of Thermal Pollution CLC OBJECTIVE C] To know what is Thermal pollution To identified reason of Thermal Pollution and its sources 0 To measurement effect of Thermal Pollution on environment. CA To find effective control tools and Step for decrease Thermal pollution. 3 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION In India, about 75 to 82 percent of thermal pollution is generated by power plants. The remainder is from industrial sources such as petroleum refineries, pulp and paper mills, chemical plants, steel mills and smelters. This study is based on global monthly temperature data, from 1880 until today (NOAA NCSC, 2001). These temperatures are separated into land area tem- premature (LA T), sea surface temperature (SST), and a combined global mean temperature (MEAN). MEAN is calculated by area weights corresponding to the global sea area (71 %) and land area (29%). During the year, SST is rather constant while the LAT varies considerably. CAT is about 3 ? 12 j lower than SST during the year. Fig. Indicates the LAT increase since 1880 to be 1. 2 j (to 9. 3 j) while the SST increase is 0. 5 j (to 16. 4 j). The corresponding combined global mean temperature has increased boy. 7 j (to 14. 3 j). Before that, during the years 1856 1880, the global mean temperatures were al- most constant (Jones et 2001 In water above 1400 F (600 C) it is very unusual for algae or bacteria to live, and serious problems occur at even much lower temperature levels. Unlike warm-blooded animals, fish and other cold-blooded organisms do not have a regulatory mechanism for maintaining a fixed internal body temperature. Therefore when water temperature changes, the body temperatures of the organisms also change. The resulting thermal stress may be lethal to some species. Factors such as diet, age, previous temperature exposure, weather, season of the year, and chemical composition of the water may change the specific lethal temperature point for fishes. Gender certain conditions, for example, brown trout cannot live in water at a temperature above 790 F (260 C). However, some hardy fish, often known as ?rough fish, can survive in even higher temperatures?carp, for example, can live at 950 F (350 C) water temperature. 4 Even comparatively small temperature increases may have serious results, affecting for example, reproduction in aquatic organisms. For example, the natural rise in water temperature during the spring causes female oysters and clams to shed their eggs. A similar, but artificially produced, temperature rise at a different time of the year can trigger the release of immature eggs. Excessive temperature can also prevent the normal development of certain eggs. Increased temperature may also affect hatching time in certain species. For example, herring eggs normally hatch in 47 days at a temperature of 320 F (0. 0 C). When the Water temperature is raised to 580 (14. ICC) the eggs hatch in 8 days. Such an early hatching often results in smaller adult size and shortened life span. Small water-temperature increases may increase the level of activity of certain organisms, whereas higher temperatures tend to decrease the level of activity. Lake trout, for example, cruise more rapidly as the temperature nears 610 (160 C) but then slow down above that temperature. A water temperature of 750 F (240 C) is lethal for them. As the fishs level of activity decreases so does its ability to catch food. 5 ARTICLE 1 Sources of Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution may be caused by four major sources. They are A) Water as a cooling agent. B) Soil erosion, C) Deforestation of shorelines, and D) Run-off from hot paved surfaces. A) Water as a cooling agent: It is the major source of thermal pollution of water in most part of the world. The use of water as a cooling agent in power plants and factories and industrial facilities causes thermal pollution. B) Soil erosion: Soil erosion makes the water muddy, which in turn increases the absorption of light, thus increasing the water temperature. C) Deforestation of shorelines: This contributes to the problem of thermal elution in two ways. First the plant roots hold soil particles together. Hence the deforestation results erosion of soil particles. Secondly, vegetation provides shade to the water surface. Deforestation increases the amount of light hitting the water surface, thereby raising the water temperature. D) Run- off on hot surface: Storm water runoff on warmed urban surfaces, such as streets, 6 sidewalks and parking lots causes raising of the temperature water that flows on the surface Effects of Thermal Pollution Thermal Pollution increased the temperature of water considerably. This increase in temperature causes the following effects. A) Change in water properties: Temperature affects physical, biological and chemical parameters in a water body B) Disturbed Ecosystem: Most aquatic organisms have adapted to survive within a range of water temperatures. Some organisms like trout and strongly nymphs prefer cooler water, while others such as carp and dragonfly nymphs thrive under warmer conditions. As the temperature of river or lake increases, cool water species will be replaced by warm organisms. Few organisms can survive in temperatures of extreme heat or cold. C) Reduced dissolved oxygen: The addition of heat reduces the waters ability o hold dissolved gases, including the oxygen required for aquatic life. Fifth water temperature in greater than 95 degree Fahrenheit the dissolved oxygen content may be too low to support some species. D) Increased bacterial growth: Warmer water allows bacterial populations to increase and thrive and algae blooms may occur. E) Photosynthesis: The rate of photosynthesis by algae and larger aquatic plants is also affected by thermal pollution. F) Thermal shock: When a power plant first opens or shut down for repair, fish and other organisms adapted to a particular temperature range can be ailed by the abrupt change in water temperature. This is called as thermal shock. 7 G) Increase in toxicity: The rising temperature increases toxicity of the chemicals present in water causes massive morality of fishes. Control of Thermal Pollution Following are some of the preventive measures of thermal pollution. A) Temperature of water can be reduced by taking the water to wet or dry cooling towers which are being used to pre cool that water before discharge transfers the heat from the water to the atmosphere. 8) Discharging the heated water into shallow ponds or canal, allowing it to cool, and reusing it as cooling Water. C) The thermal discharge from an industry can also be used in heating homes, building or other such structures. This is achieved by circulating the hot water through pipes in the structures. D) Water with temperature can be successfully used in aquaculture. E) The heated water can also be used in agriculture, especially for frost protection during the cold seasons. 8 ARTICLE 2 INTRODUCTION Thermal Pollution, harmful increase in water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters. Thermal pollution is caused by either dumping hot water from factories and power plants or removing trees ND vegetation that shade streams, permitting sunlight to raise the temperature of these waters. Like other forms of water pollution, thermal pollution is widespread, affecting many lakes and vast numbers of streams and rivers in the India and other parts of the world. A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit degrees) can kill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or drive them out in favor of other species, often with undesirable effects. MAJOR SOURCES The major sources of thermal pollution are electric power plants and industrial factories. In most electric power plants, heat is produced when coal, IL, or natural gas is burned or nuclear fuels undergo fission to release huge amounts of energy. This heat turns water to steam, which in turn spins turbines to produce electricity. After doing its work, the spent steam must be cooled and condensed back into water. To condense the steam, cool water is brought into the plant and circulated next to the hot steam. In this process, the water used for cooling warms 5 to 10 Celsius degrees (9 to 18 Fahrenheit degrees), after which it may be dumped back into the lake, river, or ocean from which it came. Similarly, factories contribute to thermal pollution when hey dump water used to cool their machinery. The second type of thermal pollution is much more widespread. Streams and small lakes are 9 naturally kept cool by trees and other tall plants that block sunlight. People often remove this shading vegetation in order to harvest the wood in the trees, to make room for crops, or to construct buildings, roads, and other structures. Left unshaved, the water warms by as much as 10 Celsius degrees (18 Fahrenheit degrees). In a similar manner, grazing sheep and cattle can strip streamside of low vegetation, including young trees. Even the removal f vegetation far away from a stream or lake can contribute to thermal pollution by speeding up the erosion of soil into the water, making it muddy. Muddy water absorbs more energy from the sun than clear water does, resulting in further heating. Finally, water running off of artificial surfaces, such as streets, parking lots, and roofs, is warmer than water running off vegetated land and, thus, contributes to thermal pollution. IMPACTS All plant and animal species that live in water are adapted to temperatures within a certain range. When water in an area warms more than they can tolerate, species that cannot move, such as rooted plants and hellish, will die. Species that can move, such as fish, will leave the area in search of cooler conditions, and they will die if they can not find them. Typically, other species, often less desirable, will move into the area to fill the vacancy. In general, cold waters are better habitat for plants and animals than warm ones because cold waters contain more dissolved oxygen. Many freshwater fish species that are valued for sport and food, especially trout and salmon, do poorly in warm water. Some organisms do thrive in warm water, often with undesirable effects. Algae and other plants grow more rapidly in warm eater than in cold, but they also die more rapidly; the bacteria that decompose their dead tissue use up oxygen, further reducing the amount available for animals. The dead and decaying algae make the water look, taste, and smell unpleasant 10 CONTROLS Thermal pollution from power plants and factories is relatively easy to control. Instead of discharging heated water into lakes and streams, power plants and factories can pass the heated water through cooling towers or cooling ponds, where evaporation cools the water before it is discharged. Alternatively, power plants can be designed or refitted to be more efficient ND to produce less waste heat in the first place. In a process called generation, the excess heat energy from generating electricity can be used in another manufacturing process that needs such energy. Where homes or other buildings are located near industrial plants, waste hot water can be used for heating?an arrangement often found in Scandinavian towns and cities, and proposed for use in China. In the United States, the problem of industrial thermal pollution was first addressed in 1970, when Congress gave the Atomic Energy Commission authority to regulate thermal pollution from nuclear power plants. In 1 972, the comprehensive Clean Water Act instructed the Environmental Protection Agency to issue regulations to clean up all hot water discharges from all power plants, nuclear or conventional. Since then, thermal pollution from power plants has not been a major issue in the United States. To prevent thermal pollution due to deviation, the prescription is simple: do not devastate. Landowners can leave strips of trees and vegetation along streams and shorelines. Grazing livestock can be kept away from streamside by fencing. All efforts to control erosion also have the effect of keeping water clearer and, thus, cooler. As a practical matter, however, thermal pollution from deviation is quite hard to control because it is caused by the cumulative effect of many peoples actions, most of which are individually minor. Regulations focus on a few of the most important threats. Grazing 1 1 management plans, for instance, are intended to counter thermal pollution and other problems on lands owned by the federal government. In the United States, regulations governing logging on both public and private lands supposedly protect streamside, though enforcement is often lax. Elsewhere, streamside protection is largely up to private landowners, encouraged and died by such advisory organizations as the federal Natural Resources Conservation Service and cooperative Resource Conservation Districts. Solutions Several engineering solutions are available to minimize thermal pollution from major industrial sources. One is a cooling pond into which heated wastewater is released before it enters a natural waterway. The cooling pond permits evaporation of some water, carrying heat into the air and thus releasing cooler water into the waterway. The evaporated water might, however, under some conditions, condense, producing fogs where none existed before. In addition, the evaporation from the cooling pond sight deprive the waterway of significant amounts of water, which could be serious during summer months when the natural flow in a river is low. Another possible solution to the problem of thermal pollution is the cooling tower?either wet or dry?which also transfers heat to the air. In both types, heated water is introduced into a tower through which air is blown, and some heat is passed to the air. In wet towers, water and air are in contact, resulting in water loss. In dry towers, a device like a car radiator carries the heated Water, and less Water is lost. Several suggestions for the beneficial uses Of Herman pollution have been made. Among them is the possible use of heated water under fields to lengthen the growing season for certain crops, under city streets in winter to melt snow, or in cold estuaries areas to increase growth offish and shellfish. At the moment, these schemes are untested on a large scale. All solutions must consider the general health of the environment as well as energy use patterns, overall population growth, and other factors.